I accidentally figured it out. The second time you boot and press F12 to install from the USB, I added all Clover options and then it booted normally. It's finishing the second boot and taking me to the final setup now.
Fingers crossed. I think it may actually work this time.
Added in 6 minutes 48 seconds:
Nope. I was wrong. Instead of it booting into the welcome screen where you specify country, keyboard, username, etc. it just booted to a solid yellow screen. I'm thinking it's going to be something in my Dell Precision 7710 BIOS settings.