Initially after the reboot a new partition is made and after selecting it the installation attempts to continue but crashes again during "13 minutes left".
However... I actually managed to complete the installation on the SATA drive using the EFI from this build with a very similar MSI MB: https://github.com/reputati0n/hackintosh-b360-9400f
I have no idea why it works though and would really like to understand it. I still need to install it properly to the NVMe-drive.